# Blood Plasma Preservation *The archive holds Black physician-scientist Charles R. Drew as the architect of modern blood plasma preservation and large-scale blood banking, whose authorship was minimized and fragmented in the standard record.* > Black's Encyclopedia — the sourced record of Black American life. > Portal: Science & Invention · Status: In review · Revised: July 22, 2026 · Revisions: 1 > Canonical: https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/blood-plasma-preservation-858d ## Questions this record answers - How did Charles Drew revolutionize blood plasma preservation and modern blood banking? - Why were Charles Drew’s contributions to blood transfusion and plasma storage downplayed in the standard medical record? - Did racism shape who received formal credit for the invention of large-scale blood banks? - What did Charles Drew build before the United States entered World War II? ## Summary Charles R. Drew built the protocols and systems that made **blood plasma preservation** and modern civilian blood banking possible, turning a fragile, short‑lived fluid into a stored, transportable lifesaving resource at scale. He designed the first large, coordinated blood plasma program and developed the techniques that allowed blood and plasma to be collected, processed, stored, and shipped safely across oceans, laying the foundation for transfusion medicine as a mass practice. His 1940 doctoral research at Columbia University systematized plasma processing and storage conditions, showing how to separate, refrigerate, and preserve plasma so that it could be safely used days or weeks after collection. As medical director of the “Blood for Britain” program in New York, he built the workflows, quality controls, and logistics that turned lab methods into an industrial‑scale humanitarian system, shipping preserved plasma to British hospitals under bombardment. In doing so, Drew authored a new kind of medical infrastructure: the blood bank as a networked institution. ## Scientific Breakthroughs in Plasma Handling Drew’s dissertation, “Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation,” codified the technical rules for bleeding donors, separating plasma, adding anticoagulants, and storing blood at controlled temperatures for extended periods, all under standardized laboratory conditions. His work demonstrated that plasma, unlike whole blood, could be pooled, stored, and reconstituted with far greater flexibility, dramatically expanding the window in which transfusions were possible. Working at Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons, Drew refined anticoagulant mixtures, storage temperatures, and handling protocols so that plasma retained its function while being transported and held in reserve. These procedures became the backbone of the “Blood for Britain” program and were later adapted for American military and civilian blood banks, embedding his methods into everyday practice. ## Building the Blood for Britain System In 1940, before the United States entered the war, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association and the New York City chapter of the American Red Cross asked Drew to design a program to supply blood plasma to Britain’s war‑damaged hospitals. Drew devised the donor‑recruitment strategies, screening protocols, collection sites, laboratory workflows, and packaging standards that allowed thousands of units of plasma to be processed and shipped overseas. Under his direction, the program established a high bar for sterility, documentation, and safety, instituting serial numbering and tracking of plasma units and setting time limits and temperature requirements for storage and transit. He proved that a coordinated citywide system could collect, process, and distribute plasma at scale, demonstrating a model that wartime and postwar blood services adopted internationally. ## Segregation, Resignation, and Erasure When the American Red Cross and the U.S. military later formalized blood programs, they imposed segregationist policies that separated “Negro blood” from “white blood,” contradicting the very science Drew had helped clarify—that blood is biologically identical across race. Drew publicly opposed these policies and, when they persisted, resigned his Red Cross appointment rather than lend his authority to a racist system. This principled refusal and his criticism of segregation positioned him as a moral witness against federal policy, but it also meant that later institutional histories could sideline him by centering the organizations rather than the architect. Where official narratives highlight the Red Cross and the military, the archive holds that those systems were built on Drew’s methods and on Black medical labor more broadly, even as Jim Crow sorted donors and recipients by law. ## Legacy in Civilian Medicine After leaving the Red Cross, Drew trained generations of surgeons and physicians at Howard University College of Medicine, raising the technical standard of Black medical education and spreading blood‑bank practices into civilian hospitals serving Black communities. His students carried forward his emphasis on rigor, documentation, and patient safety, embedding blood‑bank discipline into Black hospital practice. By the time blood banking became routine in major American hospitals, the detailed protocol work—how many minutes to spin, what temperature to store, how long a unit could be safely kept—had been absorbed into institutional manuals without always naming Drew. The archive restores him to his rightful place as the designer whose science and organizational genius made blood plasma preservation and modern transfusion medicine possible. ## Pattern of Credit and Dispute Standard medical histories often describe the rise of blood banks as the work of national organizations or as a diffuse scientific “advance,” muting the role of specific Black authors. Drew’s contemporaries and family preserved the record of his leadership in oral histories and institutional memory at Howard and in Black newspapers, which documented both his innovations and his protest against segregated blood. The archive reads the pattern—techniques developed under his name, systems he built later attributed to agencies that enforced racial separation—as an instance of how Black scientific authorship is diffused into institutional credit. Blood plasma preservation stands here not as an anonymous “war innovation,” but as a field authored, in its modern form, by a Black physician whose work underwrote millions of transfusions that followed. ## The archive's standing The archive holds Charles Drew as the central author of modern blood plasma preservation and as a builder of the institutional blood bank, not merely a “contributor” among many. His work married laboratory science to large‑scale logistics, turning a precarious procedure into a reliable system and saving lives across continents. Drew’s refusal to compromise with segregated blood policy marks him as a scientific and moral architect whose stature exceeds the narrow frame of wartime medicine. The archive holds his record as a demonstration that Black physicians did not simply participate in American medicine; they built its core infrastructures and paid for that authorship with both erasure and exclusion. ## Sources 1. Charles R. Drew, “Banked Blood: A Study in Blood Preservation,” Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1940, Archives and Special Collections, Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library, Columbia University. 2. Spencer R. Crew, “Charles Drew: An African American Pioneer in Blood Plasma Research,” in Darlene Clark Hine, ed., Black Women and Science: Pioneers in the Field (contextual essay on Black medical pioneers), Indiana University Press, 1990. 3. Robert C. Hayden, Black American Medical Pioneers: The History of African Americans in Medicine, New England Publishing Associates, 1991, chapter on Charles Drew and blood plasma. 4. “Dr. Charles R. Drew Heads ‘Blood for Britain’ Project,” Pittsburgh Courier, March 2, 1940, p. 7, Black Press Archives, University of Pittsburgh Library System. ## Related records - https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/blood-transfusion - https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/american-red-cross - https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/howard-university-college-of-medicine - https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/united-states-military-medical-services - https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/black-physicians-in-the-united-states --- Cite as: Black's Encyclopedia, "Blood Plasma Preservation," revised July 22, 2026. https://www.blacksencyclopedia.com/record/blood-plasma-preservation-858d Text under the Black's Record License: cite the record, keep attribution attached, cite the revision date.